Chapter 1
On Test Items
Features of Life (living
things)
1. Organisms are made up of one or more cells
2. Organisms move
3. Organisms respond to changes in their
environment
4. Organisms use energy
5. Organisms adust to changes in their
environment
6. Organisms reproduce
7. Organisms grow and develop
8. Organisms adapt (make changes to adjust to
their
environment)
9. Organisms have a life span
cell: the smallest unit or an organism that can carry on the functions
of life
stimulus: anything an organism responds to response: reaction of an
organism to a stimulus
stimulus a predator is near, reaction smaller animal runs
development: all the changes an animal goes through as it develops
adaptation: any characteristic an organism has that allows it to survive
(wolves, dogs, horses all grow and shed coats)
On Test Items
Needs of
Living Things
I Energy
sunlight is the major source of energy for all
living organisms
humans get energy from food
Plants take water + sunlight + C02 and
make glucose (Process of how a plant makes food. Glucose is a sugar.)
Photosynthesis
2. Raw Materials
Oxygen, C02, and water
Water is the most important raw material. You can't
survive without water for much longer than 2 or 3 days. Humans can go without
food for 3 or 4 weeks.
All living things are made up of about 70% water
Chapter 1
Section 2
Jean Baptist Van Helmont: Had a recipe for creating mice from rags and
grain (life from nonliving things)
Spontaneous Generation: theory that living things can come from
nonliving things.
Francisco Redi: Conducted an experiment to show maggots come from flies
not decaying meat
Lazzaro Spallanzani: "spaghetti man" His experiment showed
that mold comes from tiny organisms in the air. Proved tiny organisms were everywhere
Louis Pasteur: living things cannot come from nonliving things. Also
famous for the pasteurizing process of heating milk to kill micro organisms
Biogenesis: Theory that living things can only come from other living
things.
Section 3 What
is Science?
5 million different kinds of organisms on earth
Botanists: study plants
Zoologists: study animals
Scientific
Method
1. Observe or identify a problem
2. Collect information or data
3. Form a hypothesis (educated guess, answer, or
prediction)
4. Test hypothesis by doing experiments
5. Form a conclusion
6. Accept or reject the hypothesis
7. Communicate your results
Scientific method is the method scientists use to find answers. Steps
used to solve problems.
variables: a factor that can be changed in an experiment (dropping the
book in class - different heights and times)
constant: factors that do not change in an experiment
conclusion: a logical answer to a question theory: an explanation of
living things or events based on many observations
law: a reliable description of nature based on many observations
Measurement
SI
International System of Units = SI. SI provides a common way for scientists to
measure things SI based on the metric system
Length: distance
between two points SI unit for length is the meter
Mass: amount
of matter an object contains SI unit for mass is the kilogram
Scientists often use grams when measuring mass
because its a smaller unit
Volume: amount
of space an object occupies
SI unit for liquids is liters
SI unit for solids is m3
Scientists most often use cm3
Temperature: the measure of how hot or cold a thing is
SI unit is kelvin
freezing 273 k,
0 Centigrade 3 2 Farenheit
boiling 373k, 1 0 0 Centigrade
2 1 2 Farenheit
kilo: means 1000
Deci: means 0.1 or 1dm = 0.1m
Centi: means 0.01 or 1cm = 0.01m milli: means 0.001 or lmm = 0.001m
Key Words
adaptation: any characteristic an
organism has that makes it more likely to survive.
biogenesis: theory that living things
most come from other living things.
cells: smallest units of an
organism that carry on the functions of life.
control: standard that the outcome
of a test is compared to development: all
changes an organism goes through as it grows ecology: study of how organisms interact with the environment homeostasis:
maintaining a
steady condition inside the organism. example body temperature
hypothesis: an educated guess or
prediction. Attempt to explain things
scientific law: very reliable description of nature based on repeated observations
lifespan: length of time an organism
can live
organisms: living things plants and
animals response: the
reaction to a stimulus
scientific methods: series of procedures used to solve scientific problems
spontaneous generation old theory that life could come from
nonliving things. no longer
believed
stimulus: anything that an organism
responds to
technology: applied science. Use of
scientific knowledge on everyday problems
theory: explanation of things or
events based on many observations. theories can change as we learn more
variable: specific factor tested in
an experiment.
Text Notes Chapter 1
9 Characteristics of Organisms
1. made of cells
2. move
3. respond to environmental change
4 use energy
5. adjust to changes in the environment
6. reproduce
7. grow and develop
8. adapt
9. have lifespans
2 Basic Needs of Organisms
1. Need energy. sun biggest source of energy.
Humans
use food
2. Need raw materials - water, oxygen, minerals,
C02
Section 2
Spontaneous Generation - old theory that life comes from nonliving
matter
Biogenesis - only living things can produce new life
Origins of Life Genesis -
God created life
Big Bang Theory - billions of years ago the universe exploded out of a
cloud of dust and gasses. whirling dust particles combined to form planets
Alexander Oparin - His theory explains that chemical compounds first
formed in the atmosphere. Lightning + methane + other gasses. These compounds
dropped into the warm oceans and became even more complex. Eventually create
amino acids.
Amino acids: basic building blocks of proteins. Living things are made
up of proteins
Section 3
Life Scientists - study living things
Chemists - study matter that makes up all things
Physics study the relationship between matter and energy
Earth Science - study planet earth
Scientific
Method
1. state the
problem
2 gather information or data
3. form a
hypothesis (prediction)
4. perform an experiment (confirms or rejects
hypothesis)
5. do something with the results
SI International system of units meter measures distance
kilogram measures mass
cubic meter measures volume of solids kelvin measures temperature
Section 4
Technology is applying science to life's problems
Ecology - study of how organisms interact with their environment
light speed 186,000 miles per second
light year distance light travels in one year
On Test Items
biosphere - all areas of the
earth where life exists (land, air, and water)
ecology - study of the
interactions between organisms and their environment
Biotic Factors - living
things (trees, humans, insects, )
Abiotic Factors - nonliving
things like water, oxygen, nitrogen, sunlight, soil, temperature, wind, dead
plants & animals
Population - Organisms of
one species living together in same place and at the same time
Population Density - Number
of individuals in a given area ( found by dividing the area by the population)
Spacing - how organisms are
arranged in a given area: even, uneven,
or random
a populations size effects
its living area
community - all populations
of different species living in the same place at the same time
dominant species - a species
more abundant than the others
habitat - place where an
organism lives in the community
niche - the role of a
species in the community
ecosystem - a community
interacting with the abiotic factors of the environment
Biotic relationships -
relationships among living things. Most
biotic relationships are feeding relationships.
(see A and B)
(A) competition for
resources
(B) predator - prey
relationships
Competition - a contest
among organisms to obtain all they need to survive
Defenses - help protect
organisms from predators
camouflage - allows an organism to blend in with its
surroundings.
mimicry - an animal copies the behavior and appearance of
another animal
Symbiosis - when two or more
species live together. examples cat
& fleas, or cats and humans.
Oxpecker and rhinos. ramora and
sharks
Two types of symbiotic
relationships
mutualism - 2 or more organisms live together and are
helped by the relationship
parasitism - one organism is helped and the host organism
is harmed. examples tapeworm, and
mistletoe
Transfer of
energy through a community
Food Chain - shows how
energy and food is transferred through a community
Food Web - a series of
overlapping food chains
Producers - Organisms that
convert sunlight, H2O and CO2 into sugar and O2. Producers are plants. Always the first step in a food chain or food
web
Herbivores - plant eating
consumers
Carnivores - meat eating
consumers
Omnivores - eat both plants
and animals
Cycle of Matter - when
decomposers break down waste materials, dead organisms, and returns nutrients
to the biosphere. examples of
decomposers bacteria, fungi
C = Carbon O = Oxygen
N = Nitrogen 3 main things
decomposers return to the biosphere
Water Cycle - continuous
movement of water in the biosphere
Evaporation sun's
energy causes water to go to a vapor
Condensation vapor forms water droplets
Precipitation droplets fall when they get large
enough
Carbon - Oxygen Cycle continuos
movement of CO2 and O2 through the biosphere
CO2 Photosynthesis
Respiration O2 Respiration is breathing. O2
Is a byproduct of photosynthesis. CO2 is a byproduct of our
breathing.
Too much CO2 in
the atmosphere causes global warming.
Sometimes organisms do not decay right away. They become compressed underground and after
millions of years fossil fuels are formed
fossil fuels - coal, natural
gas, oil. CO2 is released when they are burned
Nitrogen Cycle - continuous
movement of nitrogen from the atmosphere to plants and back to the atmosphere
Control burns - managed
forest fires, remove undergrowth
Key Science
Terms
abiotic factors: nonliving things in the
environment (soil, water, minerals)
biosphere: all the parts of the earth where life is
found
biotic factors: living things such as plants an animals in
the environment
camouflage: an adaptation that lets an organism blend in
with its surroundings
community: all the population of a given species that
live in the same place at the same time
competition: contest among all organisms to get what they
need to survive
carbon-oxygen cycle: continuous movement of CO2 and
oxygen between the surface of the earth and the atmosphere
controlled burns: managed fires to control undergrowth
ecology: study of interactions between groups of
organisms & their environment
ecosystems: a community interacting with the abiotic
(nonliving) parts of its environment
energy pyramid: the flow of energy from producers to
consumers
food chain: how food energy is transferred in a
community, feeding relationships
food web: series of overlapping food chains
habitat: the place where an organism lives in a given
community
mimicry: adaptation, an animal that copies appearance
or behavior of another species
niche: the role of a species in its community
nitrogen cycle: transfers of nitrogen from the atmosphere to
plants and back to the atmosphere
Text
Information Ch. 26
On Test Items
Cell: are the smallest units that
carry out the functions of life
cells can grow
cells can reproduce
cells can adapt
Microscope: usually has one or more
lenses that make an enlarged image of the object. Two types of microscopes, simple and
compound.
Simple microscope: tool that has 1 lens. examples:
glasses and magnifying glass
Compound microscope: tool that usually has 2 or more lenses. microscopes in science class
Zacharias Janssen: made the first crude compound microscope in
1590. It enlarged images but did not
focus
Compound Light Microscope: (what you use in class) This tool allows light to pass through an
object then through two or more lenses.
Eyepiece: lens you look through. The eyepiece has the power of 10x. (what you see is 10x bigger than the original
object) A 10x lens and 43x lens gives
you 430x total maginification
Mathias Schleiden: 1838 studied plant parts. Said all plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann: 1839 studied animal cells. Said all animals are made of cells
Rudolph Virchow: 1854 cells come from cells that already
exist. New cells are formed when a cell
divides
Three
steps of cell theory come from Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
Cell Theory:
1. All organisms are
made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the
basic unit of structure and function in all
organisms
3. All cells come
from cells that already exist
Prokaryotic Cells: cells that have no membrane around their
nuclear material. Very simple
cells. Examples: bacteria and pond scum
Eukaryotic Cells: have a nucleus with a cell membrane. Example:
plant and animal cells
Cell Membrane: a structure that forms the outer boundary of
a cell, and allows only certain materials to pass through (selectively
permeable). A cell membrane is made up
of a double layer of fats
(lipids) with some scattered protein
throughout
Oxygen, water, and
food can pass through a cell wall.
Bacteria cannot get through a cell wall easily. Viruses can penetrate a cell wall.
Cytoplasm: a gel like substance inside a cell membrane. Cytoplasm contains large amounts of
water. Cytoplasm is constantly moving
and streaming. Cells tell the brain they
are thirsty.
Organelles: structures within the cytoplasm of a
cell. Compare to organs in our body
Nucleus: Largest organelle in a cell. Directs all the activities of a cell. The manager of a cell. Compare it to your brain. Nucleus contains the blue prints for the
operation of the cell in the form of long strands called Chromatin. Chromatin: is made up of protein
and DNA (deoxyribonucleic Acid). DNA
tells the cell what to do.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: (EA) is a folded membrane
that moves materials around in the cell.
Compare to a conveyor belt
Ribosomes: small structures in the cytoplasm of a cell
that make proteins. Nucleus tells the
ribosomes to make proteins.
Golgi Bodies: Packaging and secreting
organelle of the cell. Secrete means to
release. Golgi bodies are stacks of
membrane covered sacks. Main job is to
package proteins and send them off to the rest of the body. Compare this to the loading dock of a
business
Mitochondria: Organelle that breaks down food molecules and
releases energy. Power plant of the
cell. Muscle cells have the most
mitochondria.
Lysosomes: Organelles that contain
strong chemicals that digest wastes and warn out cell parts. Lysosomes leave other cells to digest dead
cells. Compare to the garbage truck.
Vacuoles: Storage areas in a
cell. Store food, water, and
wastes. Vacuoles in plants are much
larger than vacuoles in animals. Plants require
more water. Compare to a warehouse.
Cell Wall: A rigid structure outside the cell membrane
of plant cells. Thickness is for
protection, and it also helps to lock in moisture. The major difference between plant &
animal cells. Made up of cellulose.
Plants
have a cell wall and an organelle called Chloroplast: organelles that change light energy into
chemical energy in the form of glucose. Chlorophyll is the pigment found in
chloroplast.
Bacteria Cells: are prokaryotic cells. They have no membrane covered
organelles. They have a cell wall &
cell membrane but no nucleus
Key Science
Terms
cell membrane: structure that forms the outer boundary of
the cell
cell theory: all organisms are made up of cells, cells
carry on the basic functions of life, all cells come from other cells
cell wall: rigid structure outside cell membrane, in
plants, supports and protects plant cells
chloroplasts: organelles in plant cells that change light
energy into glucose (chemical energy_
chromatin: genetic blue prints for cell operations, long
strands of proteins and DNA in the nucleous
compound light microscope: